Human seminal plasma stimulates the migration of CD11c+ mononuclear phagocytes to the apical side of the colonic epithelium without altering the junctional complexes in an ex vivo human intestinal model.

Introduction: Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV) transmission mostly occurs through the genital and intestinal mucosae. Although HIV-1 transmission has been extensively investigated, gaps remain in understanding the initial steps of HIV entry through the colonic mucosa. We previously showed that HIV can selectively trigger mononuclear phagocytes (MNP) to migrate within colonic epithelial cells to sample virions. Mucosal exposure to human seminal plasma (HSP), rich in pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and growth factors, may as well induce alterations of the colonic mucosa and recruit immune cells, hence, affecting pathogen sampling and transmission. Methods: Here, we studied the role of HSP on the paracellular intestinal permeability by analyzing the distribution of two proteins known to play a key role in controlling the intestinal barrier integrity, namely the tight junctions-associated junctional adhesion molecule (JAM-A) and the adherents junction associated protein E-cadherin (E-CAD), by immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy. Also, we evaluated if HSP promotes the recruitment of MNP cells, specifically, the CD11c and CD64 positive MNPs, to the apical side of the human colonic mucosa. At this scope, HSP of HIV-infected and uninfected individuals with known fertility status was tested for cytokines, chemokines and growth factors concentration and used in an ex vivo polarized colonic tissue culture system to mimic as closely as possible the physiological process. Results: HSP showed statistically significant differences in cytokines and chemokines concentrations between the three groups of donors, i.e. HIV infected, or uninfected fertile or randomly identified. Nevertheless, we showed that in the ex vivo tissue culture HSP in general, neither affected the morphological structure of the colonic mucosa nor modulated the paracellular intestinal permeability. Interestingly, CD11c+ MNP cells migrated to the apical surface of the colonic epithelium regardless, if incubated with HIV-infected or -uninfected HSPs, while CD64+ MNP cells, did not change their distribution within the colonic mucosa. Discussion: In conclusion, even if HSP did not perturb the integrity of the human colonic mucosa, it affected the migration of a specific subset of MNPs that express CD11c towards the apical side of the colonic mucosa, which in turn may be involved in pathogen sampling.

Molecular mechanism for strengthening E-cadherin adhesion using a monoclonal antibody.

E-cadherin (Ecad) is an essential cell-cell adhesion protein with tumor suppression properties. The adhesive state of Ecad can be modified by the monoclonal antibody 19A11, which has potential applications in reducing cancer metastasis. Using X-ray crystallography, we determine the structure of 19A11 Fab bound to Ecad and show that the antibody binds to the first extracellular domain of Ecad near its primary adhesive motif: the strand-swap dimer interface. Molecular dynamics simulations and single-molecule atomic force microscopy demonstrate that 19A11 interacts with Ecad in two distinct modes: one that strengthens the strand-swap dimer and one that does not alter adhesion. We show that adhesion is strengthened by the formation of a salt bridge between 19A11 and Ecad, which in turn stabilizes the swapped ß-strand and its complementary binding pocket. Our results identify mechanistic principles for engineering antibodies to enhance Ecad adhesion.

Tethering Piezo channels to the actin cytoskeleton for mechanogating via the cadherin-ß-catenin mechanotransduction complex.

The mechanically activated Piezo channel plays a versatile role in conferring mechanosensitivity to various cell types. However, how it incorporates its intrinsic mechanosensitivity and cellular components to effectively sense long-range mechanical perturbation across a cell remains elusive. Here we show that Piezo channels are biochemically and functionally tethered to the actin cytoskeleton via the cadherin-ß-catenin mechanotransduction complex, whose perturbation significantly impairs Piezo-mediated responses. Mechanistically, the adhesive extracellular domain of E-cadherin interacts with the cap domain of Piezo1, which controls the transmembrane gate, while its cytosolic tail might interact with the cytosolic domains of Piezo1, which are in close proximity to its intracellular gates, allowing a direct focus of adhesion-cytoskeleton-transmitted force for gating. Specific disruption of the intermolecular interactions prevents cytoskeleton-dependent gating of Piezo1. Thus, we propose a force-from-filament model to complement the previously suggested force-from-lipids model for mechanogating of Piezo channels, enabling them to serve as versatile and tunable mechanotransducers.

Massive digital gene expression analysis reveals different predictive profiles for immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy between adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of advanced lung cancer.

BACKGROUND: Immune checkpoint inhibitors prolong the survival of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Although it has been acknowledged that there is some correlation between the efficacy of anti-programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) antibody therapy and immunohistochemical analysis, this technique is not yet considered foolproof for predicting a favorable outcome of PD-1 antibody therapy. We aimed to predict the efficacy of nivolumab based on a comprehensive analysis of RNA expression at the gene level in advanced NSCLC. METHODS: This was a retrospective study on patients with NSCLC who were administered nivolumab at the Kansai Medical University Hospital. To identify genes associated with response to anti-PD-1 antibodies, we grouped patients into responders (complete and partial response) and non-responders (stable and progressive disease) to nivolumab therapy. Significant genes were then identified for these groups using Welch's t-test. RESULTS: Among 42 analyzed cases (20 adenocarcinomas and 22 squamous cell carcinomas), enhanced expression of MAGE-A4, BBC3, and OTOA genes was observed in responders with adenocarcinoma, and enhanced expression of DAB2, HLA-DPB,1 and CDH2 genes was observed in responders with squamous cell carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS: This study predicted the efficacy of nivolumab based on a comprehensive analysis of mRNA expression at the gene level in advanced NSCLC. We also revealed different gene expression patterns as predictors of the effectiveness of anti PD-1 antibody therapy in adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma.

E-Cadherin restricts mast cell degranulation in mice.

Crosslinking of FcεRI-bound IgE triggers the release of a large number of biologically active, potentially anaphylactic compounds by mast cells. FcεRI activation ought to be well-controlled to restrict adverse activation. As mast cells are embedded in tissues, adhesion molecules may contribute to limiting premature activation. Here, we report that E-Cadherin serves that purpose. Having confirmed that cultured mast cells express E-Cadherin, a mast-cell-specific E-Cadherin deficiency, Mcpt5-Cre E-Cdhfl/fl mice, was used to analyze mast cell degranulation in vitro and in vivo. Cultured peritoneal mast cells from Mcpt5-Cre E-Cdhfl/fl mice were normal with respect to many parameters but showed much-enhanced degranulation in three independent assays. Soluble E-Cadherin reduced the degranulation of control cells. The release of some newly synthesized inflammatory cytokines was decreased by E-Cadherin deficiency. Compared to controls, Mcpt5-Cre E-Cdhfl/fl mice reacted much stronger to IgE-dependent stimuli, developing anaphylactic shock. We suggest E-Cadherin-mediated tissue interactions restrict mast cell degranulation to prevent their precocious activation.

Multiplexed DNA-Directed Patterning of Antibodies for Applications in Cell Subpopulation Analysis.

Antibodies provide the functional biospecificity that has enabled the development of sensors, diagnostic tools, and assays in both laboratory and clinical settings. However, as multimarker screening becomes increasingly necessary due to the heterogeneity and complexity of human pathology, new methods must be developed that are capable of coordinating the precise assembly of multiple, distinct antibodies. To address this technological challenge, we engineered a bottom-up, high-throughput method in which DNA patterns, comprising unique 20-base pair oligonucleotides, are patterned onto a substrate using photolithography. These microfabricated surface patterns are programmed to hybridize with, and instruct the multiplexed assembly of, antibodies conjugated with the complementary DNA strands. We demonstrate that this simple, yet robust, approach preserves the antibody-binding functionality in two common applications: antibody-based cell capture and label-free surface marker screening. Using a simple proof-of-concept capture device, we achieved high purity separation of a breast cancer cell line, MCF-7, from a blood cell line, Jurkat, with capture purities of 77.4% and 96.6% when using antibodies specific for the respective cell types. We also show that antigen-antibody interactions slow cell trajectories in flow in the next-generation microfluidic node-pore sensing (NPS) device, enabling the differentiation of MCF-7 and Jurkat cells based on EpCAM surface-marker expression. Finally, we use a next-generation NPS device patterned with antibodies against E-cadherin, N-cadherin, and ß-integrin-three markers that are associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transitions-to perform label-free surface marker screening of MCF10A, MCF-7, and Hs 578T breast epithelial cells. Our high-throughput, highly versatile technique enables rapid development of customized, antibody-based assays across a host of diverse diseases and research thrusts.

ADAM15 correlates with prognosis, immune infiltration and apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma.

ADAM15 is highly expressed in malignant tumors and is correlated with tumor progression. However, the role of ADAM15 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains unclear. In the study, our results indicated that ADAM15 was highly expressed in HCC tissues and cells compared with corresponding tissues and liver cells. Overexpression of ADAM15 was linked to poor prognosis, and was an independent risk factor for HCC prognosis. Besides, analysis of immune infiltration indicated that ADAM15 expression was related to tumor infiltrating lymphocytes based on the TIMER, TISIDB and GEPIA databases. Many immune checkpoint gene expression was associated with ADAM15 expression. Functional enrichment analyses indicated that apoptosis, cell adhesion was enriched. ADAM15 knockdown promoted apoptosis and suppressed proliferation, migration and invasion of liver cancer cells. The findings of western blot showed that ADAM15 knockdown reduced the expression of Bcl-2, Vimentin, N-Cadherin and Snail, and elevated the expression of Bax, E-cadherin and ZO-1. However, overexpression of ADAM15 had the opposite results. Collectively, our findings demonstrated that ADAM15 was connected with poor prognosis of HCC patients, and could be considered as a potential biomarker for the diagnosis and treatment of HCC.

circFAT1 Promotes Cancer Stemness and Immune Evasion by Promoting STAT3 Activation.

Cancer stemness and immune evasion are closely associated, and play critical roles in tumor development and resistance to immunotherapy. However, little is known about the underlying molecular mechanisms that coordinate this association. Here, it is reported that elevated circular RNA FAT1 (circFAT1) in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) unifies and regulates the positive association between cancer stemness and immune evasion by promoting STAT3 activation. circFAT1 knockdown (KD) reduces tumorsphere formation of SCC cells in vitro and tumor growth in vivo. Bioinformatic analysis reveals that circFAT1 KD impairs the cancer stemness signature and activates tumor cell-intrinsic immunity. Mechanistically, circFAT1 binding to STAT3 in the cytoplasm prevents STAT3 dephosphorylation by SHP1 and promotes STAT3 activation, resulting in inhibition of STAT1-mediated transcription. Moreover, circFAT1 KD significantly enhances PD1 blockade immunotherapy by promoting CD8+ cell infiltration into tumor microenvironment. Taken together, the results demonstrate that circFAT1 is an important regulator of cancer stemness and antitumor immunity.

Evaluation of E-Cadherin and ß-Catenin Immunoreactivity for Determining Undifferentiated Cells in Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma.

INTRODUCTION: An immunohistochemical study has occasionally been performed to diagnose anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC). However, antibodies to confirm the undifferentiated nature of ATC have not yet been evaluated. The aim of this study was to evaluate E-cadherin and ß-catenin expressions in immunoreactivity to determine undifferentiated carcinoma cells in the diagnosis of ATC. METHODS: We immunohistochemically examined 29 ATCs, 30 poorly differentiated thyroid carcinomas (PDTCs), 22 well-differentiated thyroid carcinomas (WDTCs), and 3 squamous cell carcinomas. Antibodies for thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1), paired-box gene 8 (PAX8), ß-catenin, and E-cadherin were used. RESULTS: All WDTCs tested positive for TTF-1, PAX8, and E-cadherin. The positive rates of TTF-1, PAX8, and E-cadherin were 93.3, 93.3, and 100%, respectively, in PDTCs and 17.2, 51.7, and 10.3%, respectively, in ATCs. WDTC expressed the lateral cell membrane staining for ß-catenin and E-cadherin, whereas PDTC showed circumferential cell membranous expression (fishnet pattern). ß-catenin cell membrane expression in ATCs is lost or discontinuous. Carcinoma cells with ß-catenin nuclear expression without cell membranous expression were scattered in 72.4% of ATCs but were not observed in the other carcinomas. CONCLUSION: We propose 3 immunohistochemical findings to determine undifferentiated carcinoma cells in the diagnosis of ATC: (1) ß-catenin nuclear expression with no or reduced cell membranous expression, (2) the loss or discontinuous pattern of E-cadherin expression, and (3) the loss of PAX8 nuclear expression.

Impaired airway epithelial barrier integrity was mediated by PI3Kδ in a mouse model of lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury.

Cell-cell junctions are critical for the maintenance of cellular as well as tissue polarity and integrity. Dysfunction of airway epithelial barrier has been shown to be involved in the pathogenesis of acute lung injury (ALI). Yet the role of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase delta (PI3Kδ) in dysregulation of airway epithelial barrier integrity in ALI has not been addressed. Mice were subjected to intratracheal instillation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to generate a ALI model. Two pharmacological inhibitors of PI3Kδ, IC87114 and AMG319, were respectively given to the mice. Expression of p110δ and its downstream substrate phospho-AKT (Ser473) was increased in LPS-exposed lungs. These increases were inhibited by IC87114 or AMG319. LPS led to pronounced lung injury that was accompanied by significant airway neutrophil recruitment and bronchial epithelial morphological alterations 72 h after exposure. We also found compromised expression of adherens junction protein E-cadherin and tight junction protein claudin-2 in the airway epithelial cells. Treatment with either IC87114 or AMG319 not only attenuated LPS-induced edema, lung injury and neutrophilc inflammation, reduced total protein concentration and IL-6, TNF-α secretion in BALF, but also restored epithelial E-cadherin and claudin-2 expression. In summary, our results showed that LPS can induce a delayed effect on airway epithelial barrier integrity that is mediated by PI3Kδ in a mouse model of ALI.

E-cadherin, fibronectin and Slug immunoexpression in non-melanoma skin cancers.

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an essential biological process involved in the initiation and progression of cancer by which epithelial tumor cells lose their differentiated characteristics, such as cell-cell adhesion and apical-basal polarity and acquire a more invasive and∕or metastatic mesenchymal phenotype. The present study investigated the expression of immunomarkers with a role in EMT of non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSCs), such as E-cadherin, fibronectin and Slug, for a number of 50 NMSCs, represented by 30 cases of basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) and 20 cases of squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs). For BCC, the statistical analysis of the investigated immunomarkers indicated significantly differences in relation to the depth of invasion, and for E-cadherin and fibronectin with the degree of risk. In the case of SCC, the statistical analysis indicated significant differences of E-cadherin and Slug with the degree of tumor differentiation, and for fibronectin and Slug with the depth of invasion. The analysis of the distribution for the percentage values of the investigated immunomarkers in the case of BCC indicated a significant negative linear relation between E-cadherin/fibronectin and E-cadherin/Slug, and in SCC a significant negative linear relation between E-cadherin∕fibronectin, E-cadherin∕Slug and a positive linear one in the case of fibronectin∕Slug. The study indicates through the statistically significant relation between E-cadherin∕fibronectin and E-cadherin∕Slug, the EMT intervention in carcinogenesis of NMSC.

Identification of a primary antigenic target of epitope spreading in endemic pemphigus foliaceus.

Epitope spreading is an important mechanism for the development of autoantibodies (autoAbs) in autoimmune diseases. The study of epitope spreading in human autoimmune diseases is limited due to the major challenge of identifying the initial/primary target epitopes on autoantigens in autoimmune diseases. We have been studying the development of autoAbs in an endemic human autoimmune disease, Brazilian pemphigus foliaceus (or Fogo Selvagem (FS)). Our previous findings demonstrated that patients before (i.e. preclinical) and at the onset of FS have antibody (Ab) responses against other keratinocyte adhesion molecules in addition to the main target autoantigen of FS, desmoglein 1 (Dsg1), and anti-Dsg1 monoclonal Abs (mAbs) cross-reacted with an environmental antigen LJM11, a sand fly saliva protein. Since sand fly is prevalent in FS endemic regions, individuals in these regions could develop Abs against LJM11. The anti-LJM11 Abs could recognize different epitopes on LJM11, including an epitope that shares the structure similarity with an epitope on Dsg1 autoantigen. Thus, Ab response against this epitope on LJM11 could be the initial autoAb response detected in individuals in FS endemic regions, including those who eventually developed FS. Accordingly, this LJM11 and Dsg1 cross-reactive epitope on Dsg1 could be the primary target of the autoimmune response in FS. This investigation aimed to determine whether the autoAb responses against keratinocyte adhesion molecules are linked and originate from the immune response to LJM11. The anti-Dsg1 mAbs from preclinical FS and FS individuals were employed to determine their specificity or cross-reactivity to LJM11 and keratinocyte adhesion molecules. The cross-reactive epitopes on autoantigens were mapped. Our results indicate that all tested mAbs cross-reacted with LJM11 and keratinocyte adhesion molecules, and we identified an epitope on these keratinocyte adhesion molecules which is mimicked by LJM11. Thus, the cross-reactivity could be the mechanism by which the immune response against an environmental antigen triggers the initial autoAb responses. Epitope spreading leads to the pathogenic autoAb development and ensuing FS among genetically susceptible individuals.

New 'Antigens' in Membranous Nephropathy.

Membranous nephropathy (MN) occurs due to deposition of immune complexes along the subepithelial region of glomerular basement membrane. Two previously identified target antigens for the immune complexes, PLA2R (identified in 2009) and THSD7A (in 2014), account for approximately 60% of all MN, both primary and secondary. In the remaining MN, target antigens were unknown. Use of laser microdissection and mass spectrometry enabled identification of new "antigens." This approach led to the identification of four novel types of MN: exotosin 1 (EXT1)- and exotosin 2 (EXT2)-associated MN, NELL1-associated MN, Sema3B-associated MN, and PCDH7-associated MN. Each of these represents a distinct disease entity, with different clinical and pathologic findings. In this review, the structure of the proteins and the clinical and pathologic findings of the new types of MN are discussed. The role of mass spectrometry for accurate diagnosis of MN cannot be overemphasized. Finally, any classification of MN should be made on the basis of the antigens that are detected. Further studies are required to understand the pathophysiology, response to treatment, and outcomes of these new MNs.

Preclinical Characterization of the Radioimmunoconjugate 111In or 90Y-FF-21101 Against a P-Cadherin-Expressing Tumor in a Mouse Xenograft Model and a Nonhuman Primate.

P-cadherin is overexpressed in various cancers and can be a target for radioimmunotherapy. We investigated the preclinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacology of FF-21101, an 111In- or 90Y-conjugated monoclonal antibody against P-cadherin, to evaluate its clinical applications. Methods: The radiochemical purity, binding affinity, and in vitro serum stability of 111In or 90Y-labeled FF-21101 were evaluated. The pharmacokinetics of 111In or 90Y-FF-21101 were compared in normal mice. Tumor accumulation after 111In-FF-21101 administration was investigated in mice bearing subcutaneous tumors with high (NCI-H1373), moderate (EBC-1), or no (A549) P-cadherin expression. The tumor suppression effect after a single intravenous injection of 90Y-FF-21101 was assessed in NCI-H1373 and EBC-1 mouse xenograft models. The relationship between antibody dose and tumor accumulation was investigated in the NCI-H1373 mouse xenograft model. The absorbed radiation dose in humans after injection of 90Y-FF-21101 was estimated using γ-camera images of cynomolgus monkeys. Results: The radiochemical purities of 111In- and 90Y-FF-21101 were 98.2% ± 2.5% (n = 9) and 99.3% ± 0.6% (n = 5), respectively. The dissociation constants were 1.083 nM for 111In-FF-21101 and 1.367 nM for 90Y-FF-21101. Both 111In- and 90Y-FF-21101 were stable in human serum after 96 h of incubation and exhibited similar pharmacokinetics in normal mice. The tumor accumulation of 111In-FF-21101 was closely related to the intensity of P-cadherin expression in the cells. 90Y-FF-21101 showed significant tumor growth inhibition, indicating that NCI-H1373 and EBC-1 recurrence was not observed after intravenous administration of 3.7 and 7.4 MBq, respectively of 90Y-FF-21101 per animal. Tumor uptake in the mouse xenograft model and estimated absorbed radiation doses in the spleen of monkeys decreased with increasing antibody doses of 111In-FF-21101. Conversely, the estimated absorbed radiation dose in the red marrow increased with increasing antibody dose. An antibody dose of 4.8 mg/m2 was considered appropriate for humans, on the basis of efficacy and safety. The maximum tolerated administered activity of 90Y-FF-21101 was estimated to be 2,886 MBq/human. Conclusion: FF-21101 radioimmunotherapy exhibited high antitumor affinity and antitumor efficacy in mouse xenograft models. Extrapolation of the pharmacokinetics in monkeys to humans suggests the potential for clinical application of FF-21101 for treating P-cadherin-expressing tumor.

Endothelial Barrier Integrity Is Disrupted In Vitro by Heme and by Serum From Sickle Cell Disease Patients.

Free extracellular heme has been shown to activate several compartments of innate immunity, acting as a danger-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) in hemolytic diseases. Although localized endothelial barrier (EB) disruption is an important part of inflammation that allows circulating leukocytes to reach inflamed tissues, non-localized/deregulated disruption of the EB can lead to widespread microvascular hyperpermeability and secondary tissue damage. In mouse models of sickle cell disease (SCD), EB disruption has been associated with the development of a form of acute lung injury that closely resembles acute chest syndrome (ACS), and that can be elicited by acute heme infusion. Here we explored the effect of heme on EB integrity using human endothelial cell monolayers, in experimental conditions that include elements that more closely resemble in vivo conditions. EB integrity was assessed by electric cell-substrate impedance sensing in the presence of varying concentrations of heme and sera from SCD patients or healthy volunteers. Heme caused a dose-dependent decrease of the electrical resistance of cell monolayers, consistent with EB disruption, which was confirmed by staining of junction protein VE-cadherin. In addition, sera from SCD patients, but not from healthy volunteers, were also capable to induce EB disruption. Interestingly, these effects were not associated with total heme levels in serum. However, when heme was added to sera from SCD patients, but not from healthy volunteers, EB disruption could be elicited, and this effect was associated with hemopexin serum levels. Together our in vitro studies provide additional support to the concept of heme as a DAMP in hemolytic conditions.

Somatic mutational landscapes of adherens junctions and their functional consequences in cutaneous melanoma development.

Cell-cell interaction in skin homeostasis is tightly controlled by adherens junctions (AJs). Alterations in such regulation lead to melanoma development. However, mutations in AJs and their functional consequences are still largely unknown. Methods: Cadherin mutations in skin cutaneous melanoma were identified using sequencing data from TCGA dataset, followed by cross-validation with data from non-TCGA cohorts. Mutations with significant occurrence were subjected to structural prediction using MODELLER and functional protein simulation using GROMACS software. Neo-antigen prediction was carried out using NetMHCpan tool. Cell-based fluorescence reporter assay was used to validate ß-catenin activity in the presence of cadherin mutations. Clinical significance was analyzed using datasets from TCGA and other non-TCGA cohorts. Targeted gene exon sequencing and immunofluorescence staining on melanoma tissues were performed to confirm the in silico findings. Results: Highly frequent mutations in type-II classical cadherins were found in melanoma with one unique recurrent mutation (S524L) in the fifth domain of CDH6, which potentially destabilizes Ca2+-binding and cell-cell contacts. Mutational co-occurrence and physical dynamics analyses placed CDH6 at the center of the top-four mutated cadherins (core CDHs; all type-II), suggesting altered heterophilic interactions in melanoma development. Mutations in the intracellular domains significantly disturbed CDH6/ß-catenin complex formation, resulting in ß-catenin translocation into cytosol or nucleus and dysregulation of canonical Wnt/ß-catenin signaling. Although mutations in core CDH genes correlated with advanced cancer stages and lymph node invasion, the overall and disease-free survival times in those patients were longer in patients with wild-type. Peptide/MHC-I binding affinity predictions confirmed overall increased neo-antigen potentials of mutated cadherins, which associated with T-lymphocyte infiltration and better clinical outcomes after immunotherapy. Conclusion: Changes in cell-cell communications by somatic mutations in AJ cadherins function as one of mechanisms to trigger melanoma development. Certain mutations in AJs may serve as potential neo-antigens which conversely benefit patients for longer survival times.

Quantifying drug tissue biodistribution by integrating high content screening with deep-learning analysis.

Quantitatively determining in vivo achievable drug concentrations in targeted organs of animal models and subsequent target engagement confirmation is a challenge to drug discovery and translation due to lack of bioassay technologies that can discriminate drug binding with different mechanisms. We have developed a multiplexed and high-throughput method to quantify drug distribution in tissues by integrating high content screening (HCS) with U-Net based deep learning (DL) image analysis models. This technology combination allowed direct visualization and quantification of biologics drug binding in targeted tissues with cellular resolution, thus enabling biologists to objectively determine drug binding kinetics.

Phase I Study of P-cadherin-targeted Radioimmunotherapy with 90Y-FF-21101 Monoclonal Antibody in Solid Tumors.

PURPOSE: 90Y-FF-21101 is an Yttrium-90-conjugated, chimeric mAb that is highly specific for binding to human placental (P)-cadherin, a cell-to-cell adhesion molecule overexpressed and associated with cancer invasion and metastatic dissemination in many cancer types. We report the clinical activity of 90Y-FF-21101 in a first-in-human phase I study in patients with advanced solid tumors. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The safety and efficacy of 90Y-FF-21101 were evaluated in a phase I 3+3 dose-escalation study in patients with advanced solid tumors (n = 15) over a dose range of 5-25 mCi/m2. Dosimetry using 111In-FF-21101 was performed 1 week prior to assess radiation doses to critical organs. Patients who demonstrated clinical benefit received repeated 90Y-FF-21101 administration every 4 months. RESULTS: 111In-FF-21101 uptake was observed primarily in the spleen, kidneys, testes, lungs, and liver, with tumor uptake observed in the majority of patients. Organ dose estimates for all patients were below applicable limits. P-cadherin expression H-scores ranged from 0 to 242 with 40% of samples exhibiting scores ≥100. FF-21101 protein pharmacokinetics were linear with increasing antibody dose, and the mean half-life was 69.7 (±12.1) hours. Radioactivity clearance paralleled antibody clearance. A complete clinical response was observed in a patient with clear cell ovarian carcinoma, correlating with a high tumor P-cadherin expression. Stable disease was observed in a variety of other tumor types, without dose-limiting toxicity. CONCLUSIONS: The favorable safety profile and initial antitumor activity observed for 90Y-FF-21101 warrant further evaluation of this radioimmunotherapeutic (RIT) approach and provide initial clinical data supporting P-cadherin as a potential target for cancer treatment.

IFN-κ suppresses the replication of influenza A viruses through the IFNAR-MAPK-Fos-CHD6 axis.

Type I interferons (IFNs) are the first line of defense against viral infection. Using a mouse model of influenza A virus infection, we found that IFN-κ was one of the earliest responding type I IFNs after infection with H9N2, a low-pathogenic avian influenza A virus, whereas this early induction did not occur upon infection with the epidemic-causing H7N9 virus. IFN-κ efficiently suppressed the replication of various influenza viruses in cultured human lung cells, and chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 6 (CHD6) was the major effector for the antiviral activity of IFN-κ, but not for that of IFN-α or IFN-ß. The induction of CHD6 required both of the type I IFN receptor subunits IFNAR1 and IFNAR2, the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) p38, and the transcription factor c-Fos but was independent of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) activity. In addition, we showed that pretreatment with IFN-κ protected mice from lethal influenza viral challenge. Together, our findings identify an IFN-κ-specific pathway that constrains influenza A virus and provide evidence that IFN-κ may have potential as a preventative and therapeutic agent against influenza A virus.

Boron doped silver-copper alloy nanoparticle targeting intracellular S. aureus in bone cells.

OBJECTIVES: Alloyed metallic nanoparticles of silver and copper are effective against intracellular infection. However, systemic toxicity may arise due to the non-specific delivery of the nanoparticles. In addressing the issue, this study deals with the targeting of silver-copper-boron (ACB) nanoparticles to infected osteoblasts, which could decrease systemic toxicity and form the basis of targeting specific markers expressed in bone infections. METHODS: ACB nanoparticles were synthesized and conjugated to the Cadherin-11 antibody (OBAb). The effect of targeting nanoparticles against extracellular and intracellular S. aureus was determined by enumeration of bacterial growth. The binding of the targeting nanoparticles to infected osteoblasts as well as the visualization of live/dead bacteria due to treatment was carried out using fluorescence microscopy. MTT assay was used to determine the viability of osteoblasts with different concentrations of the nanoparticles. RESULTS: The ACB nanoparticles conjugated to OBAb (ACB-OBAb) were effective against extracellular S. aureus. The ACB-OBAb nanoparticles showed a 1.32 log reduction of intracellular S. aureus at a concentration of 1mg/L. The ACB-OBAb nanoparticles were able to bind to the infected osteoblast and showed toxicity to osteoblasts at levels ≥20mg/L. Also, the percentage of silver, copper, and boron in the nanoparticles determined the effectiveness of their antibacterial activity. CONCLUSION: The ACB-OBAb nanoparticles were able to target the osteoblasts and demonstrated significant antibacterial activity against intracellular S. aureus. Targeting shows promise as a strategy to target specific markers expressed on infected osteoblasts for efficient nanoparticle delivery, and further animal studies are recommended to test its efficacy in vivo.